There are two routes for the hydration process and both processes require that the isopropyl alcohol be separated from water and other by-products by distillation. It is primarily produced by combining water and propene in a hydration reaction or by hydrogenating acetone.
In 1994, 1.5 million tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan.
Isopropyl alcohol was oxidized to acetone for the preparation of cordite, a smokeless, low explosive propellant. In 1920, Standard Oil first produced isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene. The reaction with aluminium is initiated by a trace of mercury to give aluminium isopropoxide. This and similar reactions are often conducted in the presence of base. With titanium tetrachloride, isopropyl alcohol reacts to give titanium isopropoxide: Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides that are called isopropoxides. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acid. Isopropyl alcohol is often used as both solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and other transfer hydrogenation reactions. This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol over a heated copper catalyst: Isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. Isopropyl alcohol has a maximal absorbance at 205 nm in an ultraviolet- visible spectrum. Isopropyl alcohol becomes increasingly viscous with decreasing temperature and freezes at −89 ☌ (−128 ☏). It has a slightly bitter taste, and is not safe to drink. Alcohol mixtures have depressed melting points. Isopropyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of 80.37 ☌ (176.67 ☏) and a composition of 87.7% by mass (91% by volume) isopropyl alcohol. The process is colloquially called salting out, and causes concentrated isopropyl alcohol to separate into a distinct layer. Unlike ethanol or methanol, isopropyl alcohol is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride. It dissolves ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, and natural resins. Isopropyl alcohol is miscible in water, ethanol, and chloroform, as isopropyl is an organic polar molecule. Well over one million tonnes is produced worldwide annually. It is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial and household chemicals and is a common ingredient in products such as antiseptics, disinfectants, hand sanitizer and detergents. It is a structural isomer of propan-1-ol and ethyl methyl ether. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group ( chemical formula (CH 3) 2CHOH) it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. Isopropyl alcohol ( IUPAC name propan-2-ol and also called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable organic compound with a pungent alcoholic odor.
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